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This wiki is for Mr. Flaherty's Foundations of Civics classes. We will be adding content to this wiki as we cover material on a variety of subjects throughout the semester. I hope you enjoy our work. [|PA History alicia, emily, crystal, and paige... william penn.m4a] [|Pa History Multi-Cultural Diversity.m4a] [|Pa History Native Americans in Pennsylvania.m4a] [|PA Modern Industry.m4a] [|Pre Civil War Industry in PA Pd1 2.m4a] [|Pennsylvania Geography.m4a] [|Pa. History - Modern Industry.ppt]

There are many things that go into making Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania and make it unique from other states. The area of Pennsylvania is 46,058 square miles and is the 33rd largest state in the United States. The great lake that bordersPennsylvania is Lake Erie and is 241 miles in length. Its average depth is 62 feet and the maximum depth is 210 feet. Water surface for Lake Erie is 9,910 square miles, with a volume of 116 cubic miles. Lake Erie is the 11th largest lake in surface area in the world. There are four major rivers in Pennsylvania. The first is the Allegheny River, which starts as a spring in Potter County, near Coudersport. It ends in a reservoir and is 300 miles long. There are islands along the river with trees such as sycamore, silver maple, shagbark hickory, and green ash. Next is the Susquehanna River. The length of the river is 444 miles and ends in the Chesapeake Bay. It also flows through the Appalachian Mountains. The Susquehanna River is the 16th largest river in the U.S. The average daily rush of water is 22 billion gallons and is considered one of the great wonders of the Chesapeake Bay watershed. It’s nicknamed the “Mighty Susquehanna”. Brook trout are among the fish that live in the river. Another greatriver of Pennsylvania is the Delaware River, which is a stream of the Atlantic slope of the U.S. It’s 410 miles long and part of the border between Pennsylvania and New York. It flows in the Appalachian Valley, and the skirts of the Kittatinny Range. The Delaware River crosses the Appalachian Plain and also goes up into the hills of Eastern PA. It’s a contributory to thePennsylvania canal. Of Pennsylvania’s many rivers, the Ohio River is another well known one. The Ohio River is 981 miles long. This river starts in Pittsburgh, PA and ends in Ohio, IL and flows through six states. 3 million people depend on theOhio River as a source of water. Its average depth is 24 feet with its widest point being one mile across. It is also home to 150 different species of fish. Pennsylvania is well known for having most of the Appalachian Mountains running through it. This mountain range is 2,050 miles long and is rich with natural resources like coal, iron, petroleum, and natural gas. Mt. Davis, 3,213 feet above sea level, lies in the Appalachians and is the highest point in PA. The Allegheny Mountains are another mountain range that is actually a part of the Appalachian Mountains and stretches across 500 miles. There are 7,809,244 acres of farmland in PA and 116 State Parks. Nearly 2 million acres of State Forests take up Pennsylvania. The state flower of Pennsylvania is the Mountain Laurel, and the state tree is the Eastern Hemlock. Pennsylvania likes entirely within the humid Continental zone and its climate varies according to region and elevation. It’s said that by mid-century, most of southern PA is expected to experience 40 to 70 days of 90 degree weather and by late summer, could exceed 90 degrees. The record low for the state is -42°F and the record high is 111°F. There have been many floods at South Fork Dam near Johnstown, resulting in 68 deaths. Pennsylvania also has different landscapes and landforms. The Atlantic Costal Plain is one that runs across the southeastern border of PA. It’s a flat low area that falls to sea level and meets the Delaware River. One of the richest areas of farmland in the state is the Piedmont Plateau, which is an area of low hills, ridges, and valleys. The Piedmont Plateau is also in the southeastern part of the state. Another is the Ridge and Valley Region. This landform starts at the south-central border with Maryland and ends at the eastern border by New Jersey. This area is an area of fertile valleys and long parallel ridges that are part of the Appalachian Mountain range. Blue Ridge is a region that stretches north from the south-central border. The Gettysburg National Park and Southern Mountain are located in this region. Next is the Allegheny Plateau, the largest geographical region in PA. Mount Davis is located in this area. The Allegheny Plateau is located in the northern and western parts of Pennsylvania. it covers roughly 60% of the state and spans the northern and western tiers. The Lake Erie Plain is the final area. It is a small area of flat land that was once covered by the waters of Lake Erie. The Erie Plain covers a small part of the northwestern corner of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania also has natural resources which include anthracite and bituminous coal, petroleum and natural gas, and also deposits of limestone which are useful for making steel and cement. Overall, Pennsylvania is an interesting state from its mountain ranges to fertile plains to a comfortable climate. There are many things about Pa. that make it different from all other states.

__Native Americans in Pennsylvania__
Some historians believe that Native Americans migrated from Asia across a land bridge with Alaska. From their tribes moved to northern Canada to South America. By the 1600s, at least 15,000 Native Americans lived in PA.Pennsylvania tribes were the Lenape, Algonquian, Mohawk, Cayuga, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, Tuscarora, Erie, and Susquehannock. The Mohawk, Cayuga, Oneida, Seneca, and Onandaga fought so much they formed the Iroquois League of Nations to stop the feuding. These tribes were normally stationary or semi nomadic. Algonquian and Iroquois tribes were called Eastern Woodland tribes because they lived on rivers near the woods. They lived off deer meat and vegetables. The largest tribes in PA were the Eastern Woodland Tribes.

The government of both Iroquois and Algonquian tribes are split into clans or villages. The clans were named after animals that were thought to be the ancestors and protectors or the clan. The Iroquois tribes were Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onongada, and Seneca. These clans made up the Iroquois League of Nations. The leader of the clan was the lord. To make a law in the Iroquois League of Nations, each clan sent three lords to the meeting place among the Onandaga. The lords of Mohawk and Seneca had to come to an agreement. After they agreed the Oneida and Cayuga lords had to come to the same agreement. If all four village lords agreed, the “Fire Keeper” or the lord of the Onandaga, had to agree with them for it to become an official rule of the League. The Algonquian tribes were the Delaware, Shawnee, and Nanticoke. The tribal leaders were selected to be the local council by the woman in the clan. If a council member was not completing their responsibilities, members of the clan could remove them from the council. Leaders led them on hunts, into battle, and settled disagreements. The justice system was nicknamed an eye for an eye, meaning if a man stole, he owed the person he stole from one of his possessions. If a man murdered, a family member of the victim was to take the life of the murderer.

Water travel was an important way of trading, going to war, and hunting in both Native American tribes. Algonquians traveled by lightweight birch bark canoes, which lasted longer than heavier canoes. Iroquois, however, were known for their heavyweight elm wood. Both tribes had trails for hunting, visiting, trading, and fighting. Warpaths were made on higher grounds in the forests. These trails were built for raids that would come down on hills to the other tribes. The forests were also helpful to hide from enemies. Trails for visiting and trade were made direct routes to their destinations. Hunting trails were built lower to the ground and deep into the forests to bring ease to finding and killing the animals. Traveling etiquette was used widely among the tribes. All travelers were courteous and often stayed in shelters along these paths. Often smoked bear meat was left for travelers. If a traveler was lost, they had a golden rule. “If lost, check the moss”, because moss grew on the north side. The Iroquois League of Nations worshipped the spirits. The Great Spirit was the spirit of all good. It created humans, plants, animals, and all good forces on earth. Opposing the Great Spirit was the Evil Spirit who caused all disease and misfortune. Lesser spirits were those such as Thunderer and the Three Sisters; Maize, Beans, and Squash. To communicate with the spirit world, the Iroquois burned tobacco and prayed to the lesser spirits to carry the message to the Great Spirit. The Iroquois also regarded dreams at a high level and saw them as supernatural signs. Dreams expressed the desire of the soul and practitioners interpreted with serious attention. Practitioners were part time keepers of the faith and were chosen by elders according to prestige. They mainly arrange and conduct religious ceremonies. The ceremonies were tribal affairs, therefore each of the tribes in the league treated differently. Ceremonies usually revolved around farming, cures to illnesses, and thanksgiving. Of those there were six major festivals; Maple, Planting, Strawberry, Green Maize, Harvest, and New Years. Art was often included in the ceremonies. The False Face Mask was incorporated into the ceremonies of false Societies. They are first carved into a living tree before being cut a painted. The masks themselves represent the spirits that show themselves to the mask maker while a tobacco burning ritual is preformed. Medical ceremonies included shamanistic practices that propitiating supernatural agents. These ceremonies were aided by the false face societies, however only the male members participated. The Iroquois took death and the afterlife as serious as life. When a lord died, a successor was appointed and all the lords of the League came together for a condolence ceremony. At the ceremony the successor was installed and the chief was mourned. All bodies were buried, facing the east, in a sitting position. After the ceremony, a bird was released. It was believed that the bird would carry the spirit away onto the journey that all spirits would take that ended in the land of the dead in the sky world. Mourning for the dead lasted about one year, the length it took for the spirit to complete the journey. A feast was held to indicate the arrival of the spirit to the land of the dead.

The Algonquian tribes often entwined their culture with their religion. The leaders of the religious ceremonies were called the shaman. Similar to the Iroquois the Algonquian tribes worshiped the Great Spirit and the Three Sisters. Algonquians also were firm believers of witchcraft. The shaman also interprets dreams which were held in high like the Iroquois. The clans held their own ceremonies based on their own daily, periodic, seasonal, or occasional basis. Ceremonies were held to welcome occasions such as the picking of corn, buffalo hunts, the planting of crops, deaths, and going off to war. The Algonquians also believed in life after death. They believed in the afterlife the spirit of dead men chased and hunted the spirits of dead animals. The economy of the Iroquois was mainly hunter gatherer, but also relied on agriculture. They preformed a slash-and-burn form of horticulture. They were fisherman, hunters, and planters. They gathered berries, plants, and roots. The principal crops were maize, beans, and squash; the three sisters. Some crops were dried and kept for winter when there was an excess quantity. Their weapons were traditionally bows and arrows, axes, and knives. They developed a system of ownership of land and divided the labor by gender. The women mainly work in the fields and the men were sent on hunts. Children were taught by the elders and helped mothers in the fields. The Iroquois also traded among the different tribes of their league and outside of their tribes. The Algonquian tribe was very similar in economic styles. They were less of an agricultural tribe, and more so hunter-gatherer. Hunting and fishing became a larger practice with them because they were usually located near rivers and forests with a surplus of game. At a young age the boys learned to go on the great hunt and move through the woods as though to be one with the prey. In hopes to bring home much meat for the clan and be able to drive some for the winter. They gathered from the land, but mainly planted a variety of vegetables, and a surplus of corn. They also grew sunflower and tobacco which made trading easier. The women and young children stayed in the fields for hours grazing over large amounts of land planting, nurturing, and harvesting crops. Excess food was stored for winter and travelers. Trade and bartering among the Algonquians was also a great influence on their economy. They traded vegetables, weapons, furs, tobacco and sunflower. Wampum belts were designed belts of beadwork that were traded as signs of good faith. Often they were traded with different tribes and travelers.

Very closely tied in with the economy is the social structure of the tribes. The Iroquois social structure was basically the league of nations. The league consisted of the five nations and functioned like a confederacy. Each clan had its own leaders or lords. The lords of all nations ran the league. They also led their clans into hunt, battle, ceremonies, and harvest. Inside the clans the women raised children, skinned animals, cooked, harvested and made clothing. The men were hunters, fisherman, or warriors. They built teepees and aided in ceremonies. Village elders aided women, taught the children, or were council to the clan. The children often aided their mothers or learned from the village elders. The Algonquian clan was less sophisticated and did not have a formal tribe. They operated as individual clans led by their shamans. Their formation was patriarchal. Men were the leaders of the clan and heads of the families. Hunting rights were passed from father to son. Although most families in the clans were related by blood, rights for land and leadership were granted based off the father and not by the mother’s father. Much like the other tribes, the mothers and children were planters and caretakers while the men were hunters and gatherers. Shelters of the Native Americans were varied to fit the families and climate. Wigwams were small domed shaped homes that were eight to ten feet in diameter. They were made of wooden frames, usually birch bark, and covered with ropes and weaved grasses. Wigwams benefitted tribes that stayed in one place for a long period of time. Longhouses were built to house multiple families. They are built similarly to wigwams with elm bark covering. They were usually twenty feet wide, twenty feet tall, and up to one hundred fifty feet long. The length was split with mats that cut the longhouse into several homes. Each divider had room to sleep and have a fire. A hole was cut above the fire to let smoke out. These holes could indicate how many families were living in a longhouse, which could sometimes be the whole tribe. Teepees were tent like houses usually associated with American Indians. They were built with firm wooden supports and wrapped with animal skins. A single family could stay in a teepee. Nomadic tribes often used teepees because they were portable, which was great for the hunt. Sweathouses were not built for living in but were built as building to cleans and purify by sweating, much like a sauna. The heated stones would make the house extremely hot, and no Indian would live in it.

The conflict over the land was mainly about farming land. The problem with the farming land was that mines and mills in the area polluted it. The fate of the land itself soon became the bigger conflict. William Penn was born on October 14, 1644 in London, England. His mother was Margaret Jasper and his father was William Penn Senior, who later disowned him. At a young age William Penn became interested in religion. He first entered Oxford University and was known as a rebel. William protested compulsory chapel attendance, which got him expelled when he was 17 years of age. After he was expelled his parents sent him to France, and he attended l’Academie Protestante, that was the most highly respected French Protestant University. He studied with a Christian humanist Moise Amyraut (this man supported religious tolerance also). By August 1664, William Penn studied at Lincoln’s Inn (the most prestigious law school in London). Penn attended Quaker meetings even though it was considered a crime. He was arrested in 1667 because police broke into a meeting. While he was in jail he wrote about freedom of conscience. Penn also began to write pamphlets, which were given out through the Quaker underground. On April 4, 1672 he married Gulielma who bore seven children, four died during there infancy. Later, Penn attacked the Catholic/Anglican doctrine of the Trinity, and then was imprisoned for it in the Tower of London. William Penn died July 30, 1718 in Ruscombe, Berkshire. You may recognize him as the Quaker on Quaker Oats. Philadelphia was founded to begin the Holy Experiment (religious freedom) in 1682 by William Penn. Freedom of religion supports the capability of worshipping in whatever way you want without it being illegal. Quakers emphasize a direct relationship with god, and they do not have a clergy or churches. They held meetings in which participants silently meditate and then spoke up when “the spirit moved them.” Quakers tend to wear plain dress, and they lived a simple life instead of the “aristocratic affectation.” Although they believed in equal opportunity, many owned slaves. Quakers believed in Pacifism. They considered breaking the law as disrupting the peace. The Quakers did not follow the Church of England. During this time many Quakers were sent to jail for not attending the Church of England. The teaching of the Church of England was (in Latin) “Extra Eccelsiam nulla sallas.” This meant that if a person is outside a catholic church they couldn’t be saved. Oxford University William Penn attended Oxford University. There he considered a medical career while at the university. When Dean Owen was fired for thinking freely, William and other open-minded students took the Dean’s side and went to the seminars at his house. A group of Indians called the Lenape, meaning “the people”, lived in the Chadds Ford area when European explorers began to arrive in the 1600s. In 1775, they became known as the Delaware Indians. The war and European diseases decreased their numbers drastically, and other tribes also dominated them. Their way of life mimicked those as of the Stone Age. Germans came to Pennsylvania because of the wars in Southern Germany. They also migrated here because of the economic changes in the 17th century. Germans also settled in the Hanover Area. The struggle between parliament and the monarch caused many Englishman to migrate to Pennsylvania. The manorial system began to break down which left many men without land, which caused them to search for a new home. They settled in different places of Pennsylvania. Many Dutch came to Pennsylvania so that they could have ownership of farmland. They settled in what are now Allentown, Lancaster, Hershey, Reading, and York. The Swedish were the first to make a permanent settlement in Pennsylvania. There settlement was in Wilmington, Delaware. The French settled in Pennsylvania from 1840-1890. The cities attracted them, so many settled in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. Penn and the Pennsylvania Foundation William Penn believed in religious tolerance, so he made Pennsylvania the Holy Experiment. King Charles ll owed William Penn’s father 16,000 pounds. Penn agreed to cancel the debt when he was given the charter for Pennsylvania. The colony of Pennsylvania was in the wilderness. King Charles ll gave William Penn this land. __**Governing the Colony**__ The __Great Law__ was a set of firm laws enacted by Pennsylvania, which writs called for an election of men from 3 Pennsylvania and 2 Delaware countries to serve as their representatives in a General Assembly. The __Holy Experiment__ is when William Penn founded Pennsylvania. It was a place of religious freedom. It was the only place where Catholics could worship in public. The __Frame of Government__ includes all of Pennsylvania and 3 countries in Delaware. This government structure didn’t work and was supplanted. The Charter of Privileges later replaced it. __The Walking Purchase__ is when William Penn's son's attempted to cheat the Lenape Indians out of land. They had been illegally selling land to settlers in order to pay thier creditors. Most of the land belonged to the Lenape. In order to convince the Lenapre to part with their land, the Penns falsely represented an old unsigned draft of a deed as a legal contract. Believing that their ancestors had made the agreement, the Lenape leaders agreed to let the Penns have as much land as could be covered in a day-and-a-half's walk. Instead of taking a liesurely walk, the Penns hired three of the fastest runners and had a straight path cleared. Only one of the "walkers" was able to complete the walk, but he covered 55 miles. The Lenape complained that they had been cheated out of their land, but nonetheless honored what they thought was their ancestors agreement. The Lenape left thier land and made their way to the midwest and eventually settled in Oklahoma. The __Charter of Privileges__ established a stable frame of government that, for its day, was liberal. It granted the right to initiate legislation to the unicameral legislature.
 * Early European Settlements and William Penn**
 * __Conflict Over Land__**
 * __William Penn__**
 * __Founding of Philadelphia__** (1682)
 * __Settlements in Pennsylvania__**


 * Multi-Cultural diversity in Pennsylvania in the 1800’s and Modern day multi-cultural diversity**

William Penn was known for his Holy Experiment. William Penn was born in 1644 and died in 1718. In William’s lifetime he got full rights to Pennsylvania. This was the largest grant in the history of the world. Also because of this grant it gave him enormous political power. He was part of the Quaker religion. The Quakers left England so they could express their religions and other beliefs. In England the Quakers were punished for expressing their beliefs. That’s why William Penn left England to go to Pennsylvania and express his religion there. Pennsylvania was very important to the Quakers and William Penn. Owning Pennsylvania fulfilled Penn’s dream of a government based on religious freedom, ethnic diversity, and fairness for all businesses. William Penn established Pennsylvania as a home for Quakers and other dissidents. The main idea of the Holy experiment was to allow the colony of Pennsylvania to become a multi-cultural haven. To William Penn it was going to be a religious mosaic of many pieces or a melting pot just like the United States is today. All of these religions and different types of people living together in Pennsylvania resemble these ideas. In the 1800’s many ethnic groups moved to Pennsylvania. So many different ethnic groups moved to Pennsylvania for religious freedoms. They also moved to Pennsylvania for economic opportunities. During our colony time the people who moved mostly emigrated. To emigrate means to move from your homeland to another land. Once you have emigrated you are now known as an immigrant. Most of these groups of people who are immigrants were Protestants and descendants of other languages. These Protestants and descendants normally came from Swiss, England (English), and German languages. If you move to Pennsylvania there were some freedoms you got by moving there. Some of the freedoms were buying land and worshiping whom you wanted to freely. Buying land would be cheep and accessible. Worshiping whom you wanted would mean you could express yourself and at the same time go along with your own beliefs. There are many people living in Pennsylvania today. Most of the people in Pennsylvania concentrated in large cities. They also live in urban centers of the state. New immigrants in Pennsylvania normally settle in the east central anthracite coal-mining region of the state. Seventy out of one hundred people in Pennsylvania live near the cities and the towns. Each town holds about 2500 people. The 1990-2000 census tells us that the population density in Pennsylvania is 265 people per square mile. This is a lot more people compared to in the 1800’s. In the 1790’s to the 1800’s ten out of one hundred people lived in cities and towns. This means Pennsylvania has had many years in gaining its population. The population grew because the late 19th century and the early 20th century brought many immigrants. A lot of the immigrants came from all kinds of ethnic groups. Most of the people from these ethnic groups were African-American, Asian, European, Hispanic, Native-American, and Pacific Islanders. In the 1800’s the ethnic groups that moved to Pennsylvania brought their religions with them. The first group we are going to talk about came from England. The religion is Quakers. The Quakers believed in free religion to all. That is why they are called the “Religion of Friends”. Another religion was the Indentured Servants. The indentured servants came from many homelands. One half of all immigrants to colonial America arrive here as indentured servants. African-Americans came over but they believe in a lot of things and don’t have their own special religion like the other ethnic groups that moved to Pennsylvania. African-American’s originally came to Pennsylvania as slaves and when they got to Pennsylvania they have more freedoms then they did before. Catholicism was another religion practiced by the ethnic groups. Catholicism started out in Ireland. The living conditions in Ireland were very harsh. They moved here because the living conditions were easier. The Jewish also moved to Pennsylvania. They didn’t have an original homeland. They began to arrive in Pennsylvania in the 1700’s. There was also a group of people called Mennonites. This religious group came from Germany. This Christian faith group began in the 16th century. They oppose things like infant baptism and bearing arms. But mostly they were noted for simplicity living and plain dressing. Switzerland brought the Amish religion. Most Amish people live under the basis of Amish faith. The basis of Amish faith is education, family, and social life. The Seventh Day Baptists also came Germany too. They settled near present day Lancaster to build large homes similar to the ones they had back in Germany. They lived like nuns and monks and would go to sleep in the evening and sleep on a hard board and use a wood block for a pillow. Presbyterians were Scotch Irish. A Presbyterian is a form of Christian church based on the administration of hierarchy of courts made of clerical and lay presbyters. England also had the Shakers for religion. Shakers were found in England about 100 years after the Quakers. They were best known for the fervor of their worship services. The Brethrens came from Germany. Brethren mean brother. Brethrens believed in dunking or baptizing their young adults in a stream. The Moravians also came from Germany. The Moravians started a settlement on the Lehigh River. The Lehigh River today is known as the Bethlehem River. In the Moravians religion single women and men built houses while the children were cared for in a nursery and not with their parents. They brought African-American slaves freed them then put them to work as wage earning servants. The Pennsylvania Dutch played a big part in Pennsylvania’s history. They are better known as the Pennsylvania German or Pennsylvania Deutsche. Deutsche means German in the early English language. American corrupted the term Deutsche to Dutch. Dutch people came from German speaking emigrants. The Dutch were a mix between American and European cultures.

The Pennsylvania Amish also played a big part in Pennsylvania history. Like we said before they follow the basis of Amish faith. In Amish education they go to school up until the eighth grade. In this time of schooling they only use their own private schools. Amish families were normally very large. They usually consisted of seven to ten children. The Amish people do not have much of a social life. They separate themselves from other religious groups and other people who do not practice their religion for reasons most Pennsylvanians do not understand. The Amish people do not use electricity of any sort. They normally dress traditionally based on their faith and religion. __**Modern Industry**__ Pennsylvania has always been a center of the United State’s Industry. However PA has seen many changes to its many industries. Much of what exists today did not 200 years ago, when our country was founded. We did not have the technology to make things faster, cheaper, and at the same quality. The Assembly line was first popularized in 1913 when Henry Ford reworked his factory. There have been many improvements since then, including computer controls and robots in that 90-year time line. Pennsylvania has benefited greatly from these enhancements, even though we have moved hugely from the goods industry to the service industry. One of the service industries today is the financial industry. It is a very crucial industry. The finance industry is a broad range of organizations that deal with the management of money (banks, credit card companies, insurance companies, consumer finance, stock brokerages, and investment funds.) Five out of every one hundred employees are employed in some aspect of a financial category. One of the major jobs in finance is being an accountant. They handle investing company money, spending the money, saving money, and also managing the money. Banking is also one of the important jobs of the financial industry. Banking keeps the money in order and makes sure that the money is spent and saved correctly. The mining/forestry industry has declined in the business world. Modern machines, electronic equipment, and computerized networks are rapidly growing and are taking the place and decreasing then need for mining and forestry. One out of every 100 PA workers are in the mining or forestry industry, but that number used to be so much greater. PA has very special resources of fossil fuels. 94% of PA electricity comes from fossil fuels, 5% of PA nuclear power plants, and 1% hydroelectric power. Those are some of the main ways that the need for mining and forestry has decreased. Mining for stones like sandstone and limestone as well as sand and gravel give jobs to help mining industry. 60% of Pennsylvania is forest. PA has large forests and hardwood such as evergreen trees including hemlock. Forests are and will continue to be important in Pennsylvania. The PA forests have helped continue the mining and forestry industry from dying out completely. Pennsylvania manufactures have many products including pools, breathing apparatuses, mining machines, crayons, guitars, and cans. One of the things that made PA special in product manufacturing is the use of assembly lines. Henry Ford in 1913 developed the most famous version of them. The assembly line lowers the cost of the product and speeds up the process of the production. It also lowers the need for highly skilled workers since the workers don’t need to know everything about the product. However, it does have some bad sides to it like it needs more raw materials and it produces more waste. In the long run it lowers the need for workers due to robots. Pennsylvania does not only produce usable goods, but also processes raw materials such as coal, oil, natural gas, iron, limestone, water, and wood. In 1911 under the Sprout Act the Pennsylvania highway system was created. Over 8,830 miles of highway used to be controlled by the department of highway. Under the Penrose Rural Roads Act came the biggest addition to the Highway system bring in another 20,156 miles of rural roads. It is very likely to see people fixing/improving roads while driving down any major road. Roads, like the cars that drive on them, need constant maintenance. If you drive far enough, you will of course come to see one of the other types of construction: Homes and business park construction. As long as there is room to build more buildings, there will be a demand. Even though the housing economy is down, other types of buildings are still being built. Contractors build many things, like shopping malls, strip malls, and business parks. There is almost no way to outsource construction jobs, and that is why they are a pretty safe job to hold, even though they aren’t the most glorious. Social Service jobs are common everyday jobs that people perform for an annual wage to help other people. Jobs like this include automobile mechanics, cable television operators, tourist agents, nurses, teachers, doctors, cops, etc. This is the single largest group of workers. These are the regular jobs that the average person will have. People are hired for these jobs to do a service and carry out their responsibilities. National, state, and local government workers make a large part of this group. 14% of social service jobs are governmental. These workers have certain requirements to meet to obtain the job of their choice. Social service jobs are jobs that most people have. In 2005 the Department for Producing Energy and Industry was renamed to Department of Trade and Industry. Trade is when people buy and sell things from each other. Pennsylvania people are connected through the trade of goods with each other, the nation, and the world. Trade involves the buying, holding, and selling of stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, or any valuable financial instrument. One of the most important “industries” is the government end of things. From PENDOT to inspectors to the governor, these jobs are vital to everyday operation of the commonwealth. PA has many jobs relating to the smooth operation of the government and the protection of the citizens. There are many service industries that revolve around bringing important services to everyday people. These include mass transportation (i.e. bus, train, metro), telecommunications (phones, cellular devices, internet), and heating, electricity and cable television. One of the largest cable companies is based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Comcast has been providing services to Pennsylvanians for many years. They offer high quality service that keep people informed and entertained. Companies like Met-Ed provide electricity to households all across Pennsylvania. No one can deny the importance of these services in the 21st century. Pennsylvania produces many goods for the whole country and at one time was a leading producer of steel in the world. Coal and oil are also very a very important aspect of Pennsylvania history. Pennsylvania also has a very large agricultural community as well. The steel industry was Pennsylvania’s biggest industry in the 1900’s. At one point Pennsylvania was the “steel capital” of the world. Pennsylvania steel company built many important historical items of our time: the Brooklyn Bridge, the 1893 World’s Fair Ferris wheel, and the Chrysler building. Steel is used in many aspects of modern life including building frames and support beams for bridges. In the 1700’s steel was basically nonexistent because it was so expensive, and //extremely// hard to make. In the 1800’s a new way to produce steel was found, by blasting air into cooling iron it would produce steel at a much faster and cheaper rate. Pennsylvania mills were the largest after the civil war and during the war Pennsylvania’s natural resources helped to win the war. Steel is vital to the success of the nation. In the 1900’s, Pennsylvania Steel (a company) was founded in 1948. In 1980, PA Steel was one of the first to move to a computer based system. The auto industry renewed the steel Industry’s demand. Innovation has had no end in PA: Pennsylvania Steel invented FLEXOR, a very easy to work with and strong steel. FLEXOR is a type of steel that can be machined after it is hardened making it an invaluable resource in the auto industry. Steel is used in framing of airplanes, for it’s strength. In the 1700s, Native Americans used oil as medicine. Settlers thought the oil was medicine after they saw the natives use it. European settlers had for years been skimming the oil seeps and using the petroleum as a source of lamp fuel and machinery lubrication. The most important oil well drilled was north of Pittsburg in Titusville, PA. In 1859 the first successful oil wells were drilled for the sole purpose of finding oil. Edwin Drake was the man responsible for that. Ten barrels were produced a day and then later that amount increased to 400 barrels a day. In 1864 petroleum became a $15,000,000 business and after the civil war 30 million barrels were pumped from the ground in one year. In 1877 Rockefeller owned most oil refineries in Philadelphia, New York, and Pittsburg. Then in 1878 Rockefeller owned nine out of every ten oil refining businesses in the United States. Later in 1890 Pennsylvania led the nation and the world in the production of oil. In 1911 the Supreme Court told him to divide his company into smaller businesses in the same year he retired with one billion dollars. Today oil is essential to every country in the world. It is one of the biggest industries and many people depend on oil. Oil is used today for fuel, gasoline, lubrication, run machines and factories, provide energy, and even in some beauty products. Oil does have some effects on the environment. Oil can spill near a coastline and can contaminate beaches and harm the marine life. Spills are caused from people making mistakes or being careless, equipment breaking down, natural disasters, or by deliberate acts by terrorists, countries at war, or illegal dumpers. Beginning in the 1700’s coal mining in PA fueled the Industrial Revolution in the United States also with the help of the Iron Industry and the steel mills in the 1800’s and now today the electric power plants. Pennsylvania is now the fourth largest coal producer in the United States. In 1995 over 69.5 million tons of coal were mined which was 6.7% of the nations production. All that coal came from 878 mining operations that employed 10,165 people. The two kinds of coal that are mined in Pennsylvania are anthracite and bituminous, but most of the coal is bituminous which is a little softer type of coal. Most of western Pennsylvania coal mines mine for bituminous coal. Some bituminous fields land over in central PA. Anthracite fields are very scarce in PA, but in parts of the northeastern and central east do have them. The environment effects of coal in Pennsylvania are polluting the streams with acid mine drainage from old mining operations. The drainage from the old mines are the single greatest source of water pollution in the state. Pennsylvania coal is used for many different things such as electric power, generation, and a coke for iron making. Coals most useful use is for heating. Coal really hit its peak in 1910 on account of people thinking that fossil fuels were plentiful, but in present time we now know how limited we are on all fossil fuels especially oil. Agriculture is Pennsylvania’s number one industry. PA has always been a leader in the agriculture/farming industry. In the 1700’s through the 1800’s almost all food came from crops and animals raised on farms. In the 1700’s most families lived on farms and raised cattle, chicken, sheep, implanted corn, hay, and wheat. Families worked long hard days and barely harvested enough for them selves. Through the mid 1900’s to present day farming has produced most of the common day foods. Beginning in the 1980’s the industry experience a lot of growth and changes. Members of this industry are small farmers devoted to making enough crops for people to eat and live off of. Today, Hanover, PA is the nation’s snack capitol. UTZ is the biggest chip company in the nation found here in Hanover. Snyder’s is also a leading snack company in Pennsylvania today. UTZ has annual sales of $165,900,000 and was founded in 1921. UTZ and Snyder’s manufacture snacks like chips, pretzels, tortilla chips, popcorn, cheese curls, and pork grinds. There are many distribution centers where the foods are shipped to like Delaware, Maine, Connecticut, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, New Hampshire, and many more. Pennsylvania EMU farmers association (PEFA) represents as an alternative agricultural industry. This other industry serves as another outlet to watch and look over the food production in Pennsylvania. The farming/agricultural industry is very important because it is how food is made properly and humanely and how it is distributed. PA is a very lucky state because is has very suitable soils, adequate growing seasons, sufficient precipitation to conduct many farming activities. There are two farmers per every 100 workers in PA. This industry will always be big because the supply and demand for food is very essential to the people.

The Industrial Revolution helped Pennsylvania quite a bit. As mentioned before, the assembly line was a major part of this. The Industrial Revolution took place in the 1800s and proved to be a very important part of PA history and of the entire country. It made production of nearly all goods easier, and cheaper to make. On the farm it took the form of the earlier Combine versions, milking machines, and slaughter house conveyors. In the factory it took the form of the assembly line. In the workplace, it also introduced many more service related jobs, and increased the quality of life of many people. However, it wasn’t all good for everyone. Along with the pros of the industrial came the cons. For example pollution, overcrowded cities, child labor, low wages, and dangerous jobs were all negative aspects. With machines capable of doing things in half the time, the need for a large workforce was unnecessary. The machines burned lots of fuel to operate. Smaller cities experienced a decline due to many people leaving to go to bigger cities to get jobs. There weren’t enough jobs for people that weren’t of qualification. Competition for the jobs was fierce. This was a difficult time for people in the United States as well as people all in Pennsylvania. This really changed the minds of people going to work for big industries. Business in Pennsylvania will and always will be a central focus in the state.